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Part 1️⃣: Formula and Examples
Part 2️⃣: Usage and Translation
Part 4️⃣: Vocabularies and Exercise
Part 1️⃣: Formula and Examples
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1st |
-mi |
-ma |
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2nd |
-hi |
-tha |
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3rd |
-tu |
-(a)ntu |
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Dhāv (dhāva) |
1st |
dhāvāmi |
dhāvāma |
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2nd |
dhāvāhi, dhāva |
dhāvatha |
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3rd |
dhāvatu |
dhāvantu |
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Han (hana) |
1st |
hanāmi |
hanāma |
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2nd |
hana, hanāhi |
hanatha |
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3rd |
hantu, hanatu |
hanantu |
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Kī (kiṇā) |
1st |
kiṇāmi |
kiṇāma |
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2nd |
kiṇa, kiṇāhi |
kiṇātha |
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3rd |
kiṇātu |
kiṇantu |
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As |
1st |
asmi, amhi |
asma, amha |
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2nd |
āhi |
attha |
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3rd |
atthu |
santu |
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The blue words are same as the present forms of AS. |
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Part 2️⃣: Usage and Translation
- The imperative mood in Pali expresses a supplication, a blessing, a command, a gentle advice and even a curse.
- How to translate: EX: dhāvāmi
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- I may run.
- May I run. (with juniors, friends…)
- Let me run. (with seniors…)
- Before termination –hi -> base is lengthened as dhāvāhi.
- Optionally, hi is dropped after the base ending in a or ā and the basic ā is shortened: dhāva, kiṇa, etc.
- “mā” standing before Imperative, expressing a prohibition.
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Demonstrative (Nidassana-vacana) |
atra, ettha, idha, iha |
here |
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tatra, tattha, tahiṃ |
there |
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ato, ito |
from here |
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tato |
From there, from that, therefore |
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Relative (Sambanda-vacana) |
yatra, Yattha, yahiṃ |
Where, where ever |
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yato |
From where,from what, wherefore |
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Interrogative (Pucchāvacana) |
kutra, kattha, kuhiṃ, kahaṃ |
Where? |
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kuto |
From where?, from what? |
- Generally, an adverb stands before a verb.
- A relative adverb makes a sentence relative.
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EX: Yatra so vasati, |
tatra ahaṃ gacchāmi. |
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Where he lives. (demomstrative sent.) |
I go there (relative sent) |
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Main clause |
Relative clause |
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The demonstrative clause must be translated first. => I go there where he lives. |
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- An interrogative abverb makes a sentence a question.
EX: kutra gacchasi (where do you go? Where are you going?)
Part : Vocabularies and Exercise
